Three organically modified montmorillonites (OMMTs) were prepared using a semidry kneading method. The knowledge gained from starch-nanocomposite-film research has not been fully applied commercially because of the lack of appropriate industrial processing techniques for nanofillers and starch films. This review demonstrates that the polysaccharides are emerging biopolymers, gaining much attention as robust biomaterials with excellent tuneable properties. We categorized these bio-nanostructures into polysaccharide-based nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanocomposites, dendrimeric nanostructures, and metallo-polysaccharide hybrids. Herein, we reviewed the developments in polysaccharide-based bio-nanostructures and highlighted their potential applications in food preservation and bioactive “smart” food packaging. Therefore, it is of immense importance to explore literature on polysaccharide-based nanostructures delineating their food application potentialities. Recently, considerable efforts have been made to develop polysaccharide-based nanostructures for possible food applications. Application of nanotechnology in food science has shown many advantages in improving food quality and enhancing its shelf life. Further, they are biocompatible and biodegradable, hence, considered as environmentally friendly biopolymers. The presence of diverse functional groups renders them tailorable functionalities for preparing a multitude of novel bio-nanostructures. Polysaccharides are omnipresent biomolecules that hold great potential as promising biomaterials for a myriad of applications in various biotechnological and industrial sectors. Therefore, the prepared TPS/TiO2/ATB composites represent a promising material for biomedical applications related to the local release of antibiotics. The results proved that the ATB retained its bacteriostatic properties after the thermal processing of the composites. Selected samples were tested for bacterial susceptibility using standard tube dilution test and disk diffusion test. The final TPS composites were soft enough to be cut with a sharp blade at room temperature, the TPS matrix was fully biodegradable, the TiO2 filler was biocompatible, and the ATB could be released locally during the matrix degradation. Both rheological and mechanical properties indicated strong interactions among TPS matrix, filler, and antibiotics. Dynamic mechanical analysis proved a significant increase in shear moduli (storage, loss and complex modulus) of TPS after addition of TiO2 and ATB (storage modulus increased from ca 25 MPa to more than 600 MPa at 1.33 rad/s at room temperature).
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However, the high viscosity of TPS/TiO2/ATB composites did not prevent reproducible preparation of the composites by melt-mixing. Oscillatory shear rheometry showed an increase in viscosity of TPS after addition of TiO2 and ATB (from ca 2 × 105 Pa Light and electron microscopy demonstrated that our recently developed, two-step preparation procedure yielded highly homogeneous TPS matrix with well-dispersed TiO2 particles even for high filler concentrations (up to 20%). Biodegradable composites of thermoplastic starch (TPS), titanium dioxide particles (TiO2 average size 0.2 μm), and/or antibiotic (ATB vancomycin) were prepared.